Electrical Genius - Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 - 7 January 1943) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. He was one of the most important contributors to the birth of commercial electricity, and is best known for his many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current (AC) electric power systems, including the polyphase system of electrical distribution and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.

Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries are of groundbreaking importance. The International System of Units unit measuring magnetic field B (also referred to as the magnetic flux density and magnetic induction), the tesla, was named in his honor, as well as the Tesla effect of wireless energy transfer to wireless powered electronic devices. In 1882 he moved to Paris, to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment brought overseas from Edison's ideas. According to his autobiography, in the same year he conceived the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields for which he received patents in 1888. Thomas Edison hired Tesla to work for his Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving some of the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was even offered the task of completely redesigning the Edison company's direct current generators.

In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil, and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over long distances. Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is a term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter, not just the production of voltage across a conductor).

When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first radio transmitter. Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He believed that it was merely a question of time when men would succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature.

Thomas Edison and Tesla were mentioned as potential laureates to share the Nobel Prize of 1915 in a press dispatch, leading to one of several Nobel Prize controversies. Some sources have claimed that because of their animosity toward each other neither was given the award, despite their scientific contributions, and that each sought to minimize the other's achievements and right to win the award, that both refused to ever accept the award if the other received it first, and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it.

Electromechanical devices and principles developed by Nikola Tesla: 

• Various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (1882).
• The Induction motor, rotary transformers, and "high" frequency alternators.
• The Tesla coil, his magnifying transmitter, and other means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations (including condenser discharge transformations and the Tesla oscillators).
• Alternating current long-distance electrical transmission system (1888) and other methods and devices for power transmission.
• Systems for wireless communication (prior art for the invention of radio) and radio frequency oscillators.
• Robotics and the electronic logic gate.
• Electrotherapy Tesla currents.
• Wireless transfer of electricity and the Tesla effect.
• Tesla impedance phenonomena.
• Tesla electro-static field.
• Tesla principle.
• Bifilar coil.
• Telegeodynamics.
• Tesla insulation.
• Tesla impulses.
• Tesla frequencies.
• Tesla discharge.
• Forms of commutators and methods of regulating third brushes.
• Tesla turbines (eg., bladeless turbines) for water, steam and gas and the Tesla pumps.
• Tesla igniter.
• Corona discharge ozone generator.
• Tesla compressor.
• X-rays Tubes using the Bremsstrahlung process.
• Devices for ionized gases and "Hot Saint Elmo's Fire".
• Devices for high field emission.
• Devices for charged particle beams.
• Phantom streaming devices.
• Arc light systems.
• Methods for providing extremely low level of resistance to the passage of electrical current (predecessor to superconductivity).
• Voltage multiplication circuitry.
• Devices for high voltage discharges.
• Devices for lightning protection.
• VTOL aircraft.
• Dynamic theory of gravity.
• Concepts for electric vehicles.
• Polyphase systems.

Use of Capacitor Circuits

FILTER. Pulsating Direct Current from the rectifier Circuit is still not suitable to power the actual circuit load, pulsations mostly varies from zero to peak voltages, therefore we need to insert a circuit to
use as a energy storage for a length of time, during the voltage peak and will release the energy when the voltage drop.

Filter work as a pulse reducer, from large voltage ripple to smaller voltage ripple. A simple way to accomplish this kind of requirement is to insert a capacitor parallel to the voltage terminal, capacitor filter is the most simplest type of filter that can be build in a power supply, this is also called the voltage buffer.

Capacitor or condenser, a passive components a pair of conductor that keep a part by a dielectric substances, dielectric substances can store energy for a long time of period.

Capacitor is measured by farad, capacitor is generally use in electronic circuit to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in some cases it is use as direct current voltage conditioner, or they are use to smooth varying Direct Current supplies, acting as reservoir of charges.
In a way a capacitor is a little bit analogous to a battery, although they function differently, they are both storage electrical energy.

Types of capacitors
Polarized Capacitors:
Electrolytic Capacitors
Tantalum Bead Capacitors

Non Polarize Capacitor :
Metalized film Capacitors
Ceramic Capacitors
Variable Capacitors
Non polarize Electrolytic Capacitors
Polyester Film Capacitors
Polypropylene Capacitors (Mylar)
Mica Capacitors
Metalized Polyester Film Capacitors

Typically the filter circuit comprises one or more capacitors, place between Direct Current line and the ground

Another filter capacitors that can be found inside a power supply is the Line-Filter Capacitors, power line are subjected to lot's of kind's of disturbances that induce transients, voltage spike and and surges.

The filter capacitors can endure these kind of transient. Line Capacitors are use for variety of purposes,
this kind of circuit is called noise suppressor it is keeping or preventing disruptive or damaging line transient and EMI out of susceptible Devices and Equipment.

Capacitors are also can be use as power factor corrector, the power factor of Alternating Current line is can be define as a Ratio of Real Power to apparent power. Linear loads with minimal power factor correction can be corrected with a passive network of inductor or capacitor.

Why do we need to correct the power factor?
Current flow through the circuit is increase by the reactive component such as Transformer and Condenser, power factor can be describe as energy loss, correcting the power factor can save energy, it can improve energy efficiency

Conclusion :
Capacitor help filter the unwanted electrical noise out of the circuit of a power supply units, they remove the alternating currents caused by ripple voltage.

Solar Power at our Home

As we all are aware of, there are a number of factors that are converging that are making Solar Energy an increasingly viable and cost effective alternative energy source for homeowners. Below you find some of the major reasons and advantages why you may want to consider installing a solar power system in your home today.


Juicy Tax Incentives: The federal tax credit currently being offered to homeowners is 30% of the total cost for a solar electric or solar hot water system installed. Depending on where you live, keep in mind that you also may be eligible for additional state and local tax rebate programs which when combined with the federal tax incentive can dramatically reduce the cost (by up to 50% or more in some cases) and payback period of your solar power investment.

More Affordable: One of the biggest negatives associated with residential solar power systems “back in the day” was that they were very expensive to install for the average homeowner. Today, beside the fact that more aggressive tax and rebate incentives being offered there are a number of other factors that make installing a solar power system less expensive these days. Increased competition and recent technological advances in manufacturing has helped to reduce the overall cost of producing photovoltaic solar panels which has been passed along to the residential consumer. Plus warranties being offered today on most solar panels systems are longer than ever guaranteeing a more productive lifespan for your system.

Save Money: There are a number of a factors involved regarding how quickly your residential solar system will pay for itself including your specific energy needs, local climate, etc. Ultimately however, today’s more efficient solar electric systems should help dramatically reduce or eliminate your monthly energy bill from anywhere to 50 to 80%. And in some cases if your state has a net metering program you may even be able to sell your excess or unneeded power back to your local utility company.

Increase Home Value: Like any home improvement, installing a residential solar power system is a proven a way to increase the value of your home in the marketplace. Although in most cases it’s not practical to take them with you if you move, solar panel systems have no moving parts and can last for 30 to 40 years. According to some reports, a solar electric system can potentially increase a home’s value by approximately $20,000 for each $1,000 in annual reduced electrical costs.

Environment Friendly: Solar energy is a renewable, efficient, and non-polluting energy source. Homeowners’ who install a solar power system can have the personal satisfaction of knowing they are helping reduce the emission of green house gases which most scientists agree have a direct relation to global warming.

Conclusion: Whether you are considering installing a roof top solar electric system or just a solar hot water heating system, the bottom line is there has never been a better time for homeowners to consider moving forward with installing a solar power system.

We should Respect Electricity, but majority of us take it for Granted.

Electricity - whether obtained from generators fueled by diesel oil, gasoline or coal, or hydro power created by water rushing through dynamos at hydro electric dams provides for a host of servants that we take for granted. Electricity lights out houses, heats and cools our homes and offices, does our work via vacuum cleaners and electronic calculators - computers, as well as provide entertainment via plasma and LCD TVs and iPod mp3 players. We communicate over phones - whether cellular or land line telephone and some of us are even transported by electrical hybrid cars. Yet we generally take electricity and electrical services and products all for granted on an everyday and ongoing basis.

A high resistance short is another type of short circuit. Typically , this fault occurs inside an appliance that through wear of breakage , a part of the circuit board touches a metal part- for example the metal housing or a motor part. Thus a secondary path is formed for current flow. This type of short is also called a "ground" because current is diverted out of the circuit. The ground does not lead to earth , however but to a metal part of the appliance - milk, meat and vegetables come from. None of us - or few- ever think of the origin of our meals - A short circuit is a fault that exists when there is a path for current flow other than the normal path through the appliance. For example in a room heater , a short circuit could occur because of wear or broken insulation. Two conductors in a line cord could touch resulting in high current flow that can cause a fuse or circuit breaker to "blow". That is other than the power company to whom we pay our monthly utility bills to.

The current and electrical power that is delivered over the lines to our homes and offices is delivered directly from the dynamos of your local power utilities. However even then for most the source of most of their power is simply the socket or wall receptacle into which their daily appliances are plugged or hard wired into.

Three terms that all are common to electrical appliances that we should all be familiar with as they are an integral part of any electrical system and electrical circuits which power the unspoken servants of our lives.

Switches in home and office factory floor appliances and robots control current flow by introducing a high resistance ( air or electronic gap) to start current flowing or not flowing at any point in time. Some appliances ( electric grills for example) have no separate switch. The appliance is turned on and generally inserting or removing the plug into the socket. Any device ( a lamp , a radio or washing machine) , that uses electrical energy to perform some work is a load. The load , or loads , unlike conductors, offer considerable resistance to current flow. Thus high electrical resistance makes it possible for any electronic or electrical appliance to convert electrical energy to another form of energy - light sound or mechanical movement. All to provide work and to be a personal servant to you and your family at home or at your office or factory floor. Imagine the stifling heat in the summer with an air-conditioning failure or a home of frozen pipes in a cold January Northern Minnesota or Canadian winter - Winnipeg in January 40 below zero both Fahrenheit and Celsius. How would you be able to see in the dark - It would be sheer dark without light bulbs or florescent lighting. It would be back to coal oil lamps!

Car of the Future - Hybrid Car

Hybrid cars are one of the hottest things going these days. Hot colors, sleek styles, and less time and money spent at the gas pumps - that's what hybrid cars have to offer. Wow! Sounds great, doesn't it? How could you not want to run right out and get one today? Maybe we should find out a bit more about hybrid cars before we run out and purchase one.

Hybrid cars are vehicles designed to run on electricity. A rechargeable energy storage system on board the vehicle and a conventional propulsion system combine to give the vehicle better gas mileage than cars running on gasoline alone.

You don't have to plug in a hybrid car to charge its battery. Hybrid cars use something called regenerative braking to create kinetic energy and charge the battery while you drive. Regenerative braking is used on hybrid gas/electric automobiles to recoup some of the energy lost during stopping. This energy is saved in a storage battery and used later to power the motor whenever the car is in electric mode. Furthermore, some hybrid cars make use of their own combustion engine to create electricity. This is done by using a spinning electrical generator. The spinning does one of two things. It can either recharge the battery or in a more direct way, it can give power to an electric motor. This motor is what then drives the vehicle.

Therefore, because this fuel-economizing vehicle can generate its own electricity, it is very different from a vehicle that is run strictly on batteries. Plus you won't have to sit around waiting for your car to charge before you can head out on your latest adventure. Just turn the key and head out.

The ability of hybrid cars to save lots of money of gas and the innovative way it powers itself have earned the hybrid car the title of car of the future. Most automakers and many consumers seem to agree on this fact. There seems to be an increasing interest in hybrid cars as more and more people purchase them as the years go by.

If you like what you've read about the hybrid car, then go ahead. It's a good investment and step towards the future.

What is a Synchronous Motor ?

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip in order to produce torque. They operate synchronously with line frequency.

There are two major types of synchronous motors: non-excited and direct-current excited. Non-excited motors are manufactured in reluctance and hysteresis designs, these motors employ a self-starting circuit and require no external excitation supply.

Reluctance designs have ratings that range from sub-fractional to about 30 hp. Sub-fractional horsepower motors have low torque, and are generally used for instrumentation applications. Moderate torque, integral horsepower motors use squirrel- cage construction with toothed rotors. Hysteresis motors are manufactured in sub-fractional horsepower ratings, primarily as servomotors and timing motors. More expensive than the reluctance type, hysteresis motors are used where precise constant speed is required. DC-excited motors — Made in sizes larger than 1 hp, these motors require direct current supplied through slip rings for excitation. The direct current can be supplied from a separate source or from a dc generator directly connected to the motor shaft. Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed - hence the name synchronous motor.

The speed of a synchronous motor is determined by the following formula:
ns = 120 * f / p where,
ns = synchronous speed (rpm)
f = frequency of AC supply (Hz)
p = number of magnetic poles


A synchronous motor is composed of the following parts:
• The stator is the outer shell of the motor, which carries the armature winding. This winding is spatially distributed for poly-phase AC current. This armature creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor.
• The rotor is the rotating portion of the motor. it carries field winding, which may be supplied by a DC source. On excitation, this field winding behaves as a permanent magnet.
• The slip rings in the rotor, to supply the DC to the field winding, in the case of DC excited types.


The armature winding, when excited by a poly-phase (usually 3-phase) winding, creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor. The field winding, which acts as a permanent magnet, simply locks in with the rotating magnetic field and rotates along with it. During operation, as the field locks in with the rotating magnetic field, the motor is said to be in synchronization.

Once the motor is in operation, the speed of the motor is dependent only on the supply frequency. When the motor load is increased beyond the break down load, the motor falls out of synchronization i.e., the applied load is large enough to pull out the field winding from following the rotating magnetic field. The motor immediately stalls after it falls out of synchronization.

Uses
• Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where constant speed is necessary.
• Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers.
• Low power applications include positioning machines, where high precision is required, and robot actuators.

Advantages
Synchronous motors have the following advantages over non-synchronous motors:
• Speed is independent of the load, provided an adequate field current is applied.
• Accurate control in speed and position using open loop controls, eg. stepper motors.
• Their power factor can be adjusted to unity by using a proper field current relative to the load. Also, a "capacitive" power factor, (current phase leads voltage phase), can be obtained by increasing this current slightly, which can help achieve a better power factor correction for the whole installation.
• Their construction allows for increased electrical efficiency when a low speed is required (as in ball mills and similar apparatus).
• They run either at the synchronous speed else no speed is there.

Make your own Electric Car

You need the following to get started:

- Detailed pre-plans on how to construct your own electric car.

- You can use any vehicle- gas, diesel
- A garage, shop or barn is nice, but not necessary
- Simple tools every home workshop has- wrenches, drills etc.
- A large DC motor (9 inches or larger) and a source of  batteries. Note that AC motors can be used as well but they are a bit more expensive so we went with DC. They are easier to install too.
- You can, of course buy all these parts brand new but this is the heaviest cost of the whole project so we suggest using the sources of free DC motors and free industrial batteries listed in the plans.
- They’re not hard to find either and since a DC motor will run for probably longer than you will own your car, using salvaged motors makes sense.
- After obtaining your DC motor and batteries you have to remove your gas engine from your car.
- Leave the clutch and flywheel assembly and detach the rest. That will leave you room for batteries and DC motor mounting.
- It is imperative that you only use a standard transmission vehicle for your conversion as automatic transmissions simply won’t work.
- Don’t worry, you won’t even have to shift gears in traffic once the conversion is done. It will drive just like an automatic transmission, which is nice. Put it in gear and go. When you stop the engine simply stops too. It doesn’t keep idling, requiring clutching like a gas engine.

Learning how to build your own electric car is a lot of fun too. Putting together the controller and motor assembly is not that difficult either.
Your new Electric car will be able to go 50 mph and travel up to 200 miles on a single charge too. Isn’t it amazing. Try it!!

Renewable energy - The best alternative

When it concerns ecological electricity Methods, you are going to discover that it's often used to talk about fossil fuels, yet you are going to also realize that these types are going to fall under an alternative kind of non-renewable power methods. If we debate renewable power it is crucial for a couple of reasons. You are going to learn that there's tons which is harming our Earths surroundings. You will discover that there's a mass of coming harm from the ozone emissions and events initiated by the fossil fuels. Renewable kinds of electricity are usually good for the world, causing them to be a much fresher alternative. Besides that, renewable energy resources are without a doubt what their label refers to- renewable. Consequently, these Forms of power aren't going to peter out or become seldom and costly, as fossil fuels sooner or later will. Since the renewable electricity Resources are being continually investigated, it's simply a matter of time until top electricity firms commence with their switch over from fossil fuels to these optional energy Forms.

There are numerous different types of renewable energy, including water, geothermal, solar, wind, tidal, and biomass. These energy Forms will have a desirable outcome on nature as there's nothing generated by the electricity Resources that could destroy nature at all. Solar power consists of electricity from sunshine. We discover this in daily experiences as solar panels are placed on swimming pools to aid in harvesting and feeding in the heat. If you wear black attire on a sun scorched morning, you shall feel the force of solar energy. Solar energy contains this warmth and changes it into useful energy, that we can utilize to bring warmth into our homes and give energy to additional electronic appliances. Wind power is among the earliest variants of alternate power, in combination with water power, Wind mills and water wheels were used as early on as the Middle Ages to create electricity, and are still being used in countless countries in various forms. In employing electricity generators, you shall be capable of changing energy into electric energy by using gadgets like generators, water wheels, wind mills, and various age old engineering formulas. Geothermal power uses the hot air from the worlds under surface, in utilizing geological hot spots such as volcanic locations, to create electricity. Biomass is too a super earth-like method of generating high temperature. This kind of renewable power pertains to the use of early tiny lifeforms to create thermal energy and other sorts of electricity. Tidal waves could begin to produce power or energy in the same process that water wheels and wind mills do, simply on a bigger scale. The ocean might likewise be used for its heated surface and chilly deep temperatures to alter heat into worthwhile power.

When all is said and done, you are going to discover that the only bad point you are going to find by using renewable electricity Methods rather than fossil fuels is just the current cost of realizing it. It is very pricey, although it may greatly enhance our natural surroundings and our personal well being. Water, solar, wind, and other processes have been studied in order that you are able to have renewable and alternative electricity Methods. The majority of folks are going to surely concur that fossil fuels aren't going to be in existence eternally, and now is the best time to begin getting ready for the future generations. You may like to consider fighting for these alternate Resources since it is going to make the Earth pretty and the oxygen healthy for your children and grand kids.

What is Power Factor ?

The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power, and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, e.g. 0.5 pf = 50% pf).

Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power.

Engineers use the following terms to describe energy flow in a system (and assign each of them a different unit to differentiate between them):
• Real power (P) — watt [W]
• Reactive power (Q) — volt-amperes reactive [var]
• Complex power (S) — volt-ampere [VA]
• Apparent Power (|S|), that is, the absolute value of complex power S — volt-ampere [VA]

In the diagram, P is the real power, Q is the reactive power (in this case positive), S is the complex power and the length of S is the apparent power.

Power Factor = Real Power / Apparent Power.
It's a practical measure of the efficiency of a power distribution system. For two systems transmitting the same amount of real power, the system with the lower power factor will have higher circulating currents due to energy that returns to the source from energy storage in the load. These higher currents produce higher losses and reduce overall transmission efficiency. A lower power factor circuit will have a higher apparent power and higher losses for the same amount of real power.

The power factor is one when the voltage and current are in phase. It is zero when the current leads or lags the voltage by 90 degrees. Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle, where leading indicates a negative sign.

Purely capacitive circuits cause reactive power with the current waveform leading the voltage wave by 90 degrees, while purely inductive circuits cause reactive power with the current waveform lagging the voltage waveform by 90 degrees. The result of this is that capacitive and inductive circuit elements tend to cancel each other out.

Where the waveforms are purely sinusoidal, the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle (φ) between the current and voltage sinusoid waveforms. Equipment data sheets and nameplates often will abbreviate power factor as "cosφ" for this reason.

Example: The real power is 700 W and the phase angle between voltage and current is 45.6°. The power factor is cos(45.6°) = 0.700. The apparent power is then: 700 W / cos(45.6°) = 1000 VA.

Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as rectifiers, distort the current drawn from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise power factor. The devices for correction of power factor may be at a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-consuming equipment.

Guidelines for choosing a Transformer

The two basic parameters when choosing a transformer are the load and the type of application. One has to evaluate all associated factors carefully before buying the transformer to ensure that it meets the required criteria. You have to consider whether the transformer has sufficient capacity not only to handle the expected load, but also some provision for marginal overload.

The life expectancy of the unit is important and this aspect must be gone into. Further, one should work out the initial, installation, operational, and maintenance costs.

Transformer requirements will seriously vary depending on the application it is put to. In some industries, a large amount of uninterrupted power is critical for carrying out different processes. Thus, load losses should be low and a particular type of transformer construction that minimizes copper losses is the one to be favored.

In some industries, output power will swing to extremes at different instances and thus the transformers used here should be able to withstand surges. In smelting industries, uninterrupted and correct power supply is crucial. Industries that use motors of various voltage specifications will need intermittent or tap-changing transformers.

Thus the type of load - amplitude, duration, and the extent of non-linear and linear loads –should be the key considerations. If transformers to suit your specific application is not readily available, then you will have to opt for a customized transformer. There are several manufacturers who regularly build custom transformers for unique applications.

Experts say that liquid-filled transformers can be preferred because they are more efficient, provide for greater overload and are generally long-lasting. The downside is liquid-filled transformers have higher risk of flammability than dry types. Besides, liquid-filled transformers sometimes require containment troughs to guard against fluid leaks. So, one has to study the safety aspect before buying liquid-filled transformers.

Transformers generally come with either copper or aluminum windings. It is reported that aluminum-wound units, by comparison, are more cost-effective. Copper-wound transformers are the favorite with some because copper is a better conductor and copper contributes to greater mechanical strength of the coil.

Core choice is another factor that merits consideration. Core losses occur due to hysteresis and eddy currents. High quality magnetic steel minimizes hysteresis losses and laminated cores are chosen to reduce eddy current losses.

Dry-type transformers normally use insulators made from fiberglass-reinforced polyester molding compounds. Liquid-filled transformers, on the other hand, use insulators made of porcelain. Porcelain insulators are track resistant, suitable for outdoor use, and easy to clean. Please bear in mind that power factor tests must be performed at specific intervals to verify the condition of these insulators. It is commonly held that the life of a transformer is the life of the insulation system.

Operating conditions can sometimes entail overloading of a transformer; and one should know to what extent the unit can withstand overloading without developing problems. A primary issue in this regard is heat and its dissipation.

You must take into account the cost of additional accessories that you may require. Stainless steel tanks and cabinets for extra corrosion protection, weather shields for outdoor units, and protective provisions for humid environments, device to guard against rodents, temperature monitors, and space heaters are some of the accessories people usually buy.